By S. L. Semiatin
Quantity 14A is an integral reference for production, fabrics, and layout engineers. It presents accomplished assurance and crucial technical details at the process-design relationships which are had to pick out and keep watch over metalworking operations that produce shapes from forging, extrusion, drawing, and rolling operations. In-depth dialogue of forming apparatus, strategies, fabrics, and complicated modeling innovations make it a considerably new up-to-date ASM guide.
Read or Download Asm Handbook: Volume 14A: Metalworking : Bulk Forming (ASM Handbook) PDF
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Extra resources for Asm Handbook: Volume 14A: Metalworking : Bulk Forming (ASM Handbook)
Sample text
The reason for the delay was the absence of methods for achieving the high temperatures needed to melt and to refine iron ore. Most metalworking was done by hand until the 13th century. At this time, the tilt hammer was developed and used primarily for forging bars and plates. The machine used water power to raise a lever arm that had a hammering tool at one end; it was called a tilt hammer because the arm tilted as the hammering tool was raised. After raising the hammer, the blacksmith let it fall under the force of gravity, thus generating the forging blow.
Further improvements in material properties are likely as the quantitative understanding and modeling of the evolution of microstructure and texture expands and is applied in industry. The integration of process models with models of microstructure evolution (a) (b) (c) Fig. 6 Application of finite-element-based optimization to determine preform shape for a threedimensional forging. (a) Final forging. (b) “Filtered” preform geometry. (c) “Trimmed” preform geometry. Source: Ref 24, 29 10 / Introduction and defect formation will help refine allowable processing windows and needed process controls.
Cogging, radial forging) is particularly challenging because of the size of the workpiece, the large number of forging blows, and workpiece rotations between blows, among other factors. Other complex 3-D problems, which have been analyzed using FEM, include orbital forging, forging of crankshafts, extrusion of shapes, and helical-gear extrusion. In addition to predictions of metal flow and die fill (and associated metal-flow defects such as laps, folds, pipe), FEM is also being used regularly to analyze the evolution of microstructure and defects within the workpiece, die stresses/ tooling failure, and so forth.